I have been thinking a lot recently about the subtleties of problem-based approaches to math education. The following is a gross oversimplification, but I think it will illustrate the essence of what I am interested in. Let's compare two well-know approaches, Interactive Mathematics Program and Exeter Math:

Interactive Mathematics Program (IMP)
The Game of Pig - Year 1


MODEL: the unit starts with a "unit question/problem" and then smaller sub-questions (sometimes out of context of the unit question) are explored to deepen understanding before returning to the unit question again at the end of the unit.

Exeter Math
Year 1


MODEL: students are given a set of problems that are, more or less, completely unrelated. Each smaller problem stands on its own; it does not tie in to a larger context.

EXAMPLE: This unit follows the following progression:

1. Students are introduced to the unit question by playing games of Pig and thinking about strategy.

2. The first section detours from the unit question to help students "define" probability. There are investigations about gambler's fallacy, experimental versus theoretical probability, and measuring probability between 0 and 1.

3. The second section introduces "rug diagrams" as a way to represent probability. There are some investigations about this and the end of the section ties rug diagrams back to coin and dice games.

4. The third section looks at how things play out "in the long run." It involves investigations about the law of large numbers and expected value.

5. The last section looks at a simplified version of the game of Pig before returning to the original unit question.

EXAMPLE: Here are some problems, in sequence, from the Year 1 Exeter problem set:

Clearly, there are advantages and disadvantages to both approaches. What are they? Do you prefer one over the other? Why? In short, "What's the Difference?!?"
 


Comments

04/15/2012 4:13pm

Interesting questions Bryan. Obviously the cheap answer is to say that both have their advantages. As one who is familiar with IMP's materials, I should say that many of their units do involve multiple contexts for each type of math involved. I'm a huge fan of theirs when it comes to source material, but I feel the questions posed are often too leading and direct, and there isn't much space for brainstorming and strategizing.

But to answer your question, I think it's best if students have exposure to at least three or four contexts in which a mathematical skill may be applied. Not just the game of Pig.

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04/15/2012 8:50pm

Thanks for your thoughts, Geoff. I had never really thought about the benefits of students having "exposure to at least three or four contexts" but I like that idea. My only modification to what you wrote is that I think it would be important to give students multiple contexts in which they can test and deepen their mental model as opposed to apply a skill. I think IMP offers these different contexts in a meaningful way while still having them serve a purpose within the bigger picture (unit question).

I have had similar thoughts about the IMP materials being "too leading." Their units can sometimes feel like traditional curriculum dressed in problem-based clothing. In other words, there is a clear anticipation of what the student will come to know and, sometimes, it doesn't feel like this mathematics is pertinent to 'solving' the unit problem. Basically, it does not feel like the path from start to finish is created by the student. I wonder how we could keep the context of IMP while providing more student-driven ideas?

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04/18/2012 9:47am

I'm much more familiar with the Exeter problem sets than I am with IMP. I did cut my teeth on the CPM curriculum, though. I assume there will be some similarities between CPM and IMP. With that, I'd say I prefer Exeter. I'm not sure I can put my finger on it other than the fact that the Exeter problems don't do as much of the lifting for the students allowing more individualized conversations between teacher/student. I'm always for that.

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04/18/2012 1:26pm

@David "the Exeter problems don't do as much of the lifting for the students allowing more individualized conversations between teacher/student. I'm always for that." I couldn't agree more on this point. My only problem with the Exeter problems is that they are void of any context. My experience with IMP-like unit questions has shown that students exposed to these types of questions also start to ask them THEMSELVES about the world around them. I model a lot of what I do after IMP but remove a lot of the "hand holding" that happens. It seems this offers up more of an opportunity for students to do and invent the mathematics. Thoughts?

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04/18/2012 1:43pm

I'm in favor of context, but I think we sometimes disregard math as its own context. I think the Exeter problems do a pretty good job of self-scaffolding in that many later problems build on previous problems and they capitalize on math being a context in and of itself. Again, much of what I do in class is based on my years of teaching CPM. I don't directly answer many questions, answer questions with questions, etc. However, I felt constrained by the curriculum. I don't feel that way when I work with my students through some of the Exeter problems.

04/18/2012 3:28pm

@David "However, I felt constrained by the curriculum." I would LOVE to know more about this. I imagine we have many similar experiences and opinions but I don't want to assume that. In what ways did you feel constrained? I am very familiar with the CPM model but I have never used the Exeter model. I agree with your statement about math being a context in and of itself (I recently did a unit where students investigated the area of the Koch Snowflake). Would you be willing to elaborate a bit on your experience?

04/20/2012 10:01am

I think I felt constrained by the scripted nature of the lessons. Questions were pretty much asked and there was a definite direction of each lesson that wasn't necessarily clear to me. I remember there being times that I would not be clear about what students really needed to take away from the day's work. Perhaps that had more to do with where I was in my career than it did with the curriculum, though.

04/19/2012 8:10pm

I'm more familiar with IMP just because my workshop co-leaders teach from IMP and have shared the lessons. To answer your question, I'm trying to see it from a student's perspective. IMP seems to have more "doing" and investigating (albeit the "leading" aspect that I agree with) and Exeter (not familiar with, so going by your example) has more specifics toward arithmetic rules, but example 1 is a nice visual problem.
We all love to play games; it's a safe entry into a unit. But I also believe that the best textbook (#nosuchthing?) in the hands of a teacher who does not have good questioning/teaching strategies might not reap the same intended benefits.
So, what's the difference? I think it's the teacher, not the curriculum.
Thanks, Bryan!

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04/20/2012 8:25am

@Fawn Thanks so much for your insightful comments! I agree that even the best textbook can be misused in the wrong hands (I would guess that this actually happens often with IMP). I am lucky enough to work at a school where teachers are also curriculum designers. In my mind, this is how all schools should be. With that said, I have been taking a critical eye to problem-based approaches to decide how I can best structure tasks for students (trying to be as responsive to their ways of thinking as possible).

I became interested in this through my graduate work where I am looking at emphasizing habits of mind in supporting students towards mathematical authority. What I discovered is that MANY different approaches don't even give students the opportunity to practice/implement/trust their habits of mind and, as a result, has stripped them of any mathematical authority (which, in my opinion, i precisely the opposite of what math education should be about).

Thanks again for your thoughts.

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04/22/2012 9:43pm

(Geez, this is the 3rd time I'm writing this same repsonse because somehow my iPad "keyboard" keeps freezing up in this "comments" box! Maybe it was a hint for me to shut up, but no, I had to switch to my desktop and here I am.)

It's great that you are working with teachers who are also writing the curriculum! Sometimes I'm so disappointed in our textbook (which I rarely use) that I have to turn to the page showing the authors just to make sure they didn't come from another planet. I'm sure the authors came into the project all well-intentioned, but they let Mr. Glencoe or Mr. McDougal Littell run the show.

I really appreciate your comment "supporting students towards mathematical authority." Yes!! It's a shame that our students think of math only as a school subject happening in room 42. If we could help children take ownership of thinking and doing math, then math could escape from the confines of school and be free to breathe and inspire and blossom like Koch's snowflake!

Continue to fight the good fight, Bryan, thank you!

04/23/2012 1:07pm

@Fawn Haha...LOVE the Koch Snowflake analogy!! From what I know (which isn't much) about textbook publishing, it seems they write textbooks that will sell (aka make money). I would imagine the ones that sell are the ones that appeal to the most prevalent interpretation of teaching and learning mathematics. Maybe if we can change this, textbook publishers will follow suit? Probably wishful thinking. Thanks, as always, for the thoughtful comments!

blaw0013
04/25/2012 5:08pm

I know IMP well. I think of it as a rather profoundly coherent and meaningful curriculum thats greatest strength is as a lever to re-engage teachers in thinking carefully about their work as teachers, about children's ways of thinking and knowing, and about mathematics. It is published in a textbook. It works quite well as a sequence of mathematical activities. I remain amazed that the initial author team could construe a sequence of approximately 1200 activities that comprise a rah development of the School Mathematics (content, and a very particular content) appropriate for *all* children grades 9-12.

Is it the endgame for textbook? I most sincerely think not. Simply put, because it is scripted prior to the learners involved--which includes the teacher.

I know Exeter's program some. It has an impressive load of rich problems. And, probably mostly because I only know it at a distance--that is studied it but never taught it--I have 2 basic questions/concerns. First is that while acknowledging it works exceptionally well, but that it works exceptionally well for Exeter students/classrooms/teachers. I have concerns about how it might transfer to other educational contexts.

Second, my larger concern, is that I wonder about it's underlying curricular theory. It seems to greatly value both the Content Standards and Standards for Math'l Practices (to use some of the simple language from CCSS) -- maybe devaluing children's mathematics (see, for example, Les Steffe's work, or Dewey's Child and the Curriculum). Maybe at least equally troublesome is that it seems to take the value of student interactions out, and create a more individual exercise from mathematics. See David's languaging above: "Exeter problems don't do as much of the lifting for the students allowing more individualized conversations between teacher/student." And in doing so, leaves the authority external to the child--the need for interaction with the teacher seems evident.

IMP does have an explicit curriculum theory. (There is also an explicit educational theory - that all are smart in different wys, that tracking is inequitable, and likely some others. And an implicit teaching theory--harder to say, easier to see/feel.) It is written about in the 1997 NCTM Yearbook. They state 4 principles for curriculum design:
1. Students must feel at home in the curriculum.
2. Students must feel personally validated as they learn.
3. Students must be actively involved in their learning.
4. Students need a reason for doing problems.

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blaw0013
04/25/2012 5:14pm

[That was getting so long, Fawn's iPad dilemma kept getting me scared not to click SUBMIT]

To get to Bryan's question, what's the difference, my answer is rather simple--yet all the above must be considered at the level of importance of the difference.

The questions Bryan provides are a reasonable same from Exeter. He did not provide example questions from IMP. But I know these well, so the difference is that Exeter's questions assume a particular solution; they are what I would call closed.

While much in IMP is over-scaffolded, I agree, on the whole IMP's questions are open; open-ended, open-middled, and open-entried. Or at least, I believe give the teacher more freedom to teach with them as if they were.

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